• 476 - Romulus Augustus, last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself King of Italy.
• 1260 - The Senese Ghibellines, supported by the forces of King Manfred of Sicily, defeat the Florentine Guelphs at Montaperti.
• 1781 - Los Angeles, California, is founded as El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora La Reina de los Ángeles de Porciúncula (the City of Our Lady, the Queen of the Angels of the Little Portion) by 44 Spanish settlers.
• 1862 - Civil War Maryland Campaign Gen. Lee takes the Army of Northern Virginia, and the war, into the North.
• 1870 - Emperor Napoleon III of France is deposed and the Third Republic is declared.
• 1884 - Britain ends its policy of penal transportation to New South Wales in Australia.
• 1886 - Indian Wars: After almost 30 years of fighting, Apache leader Geronimo surrenders with his remaining warriors to General Nelson Miles in Arizona.
• 1888 - George Eastman registers the trademark Kodak, and receives a patent for his camera which uses roll film.
• 1894 - In New York City, 12,000 tailors strike against sweatshop working conditions.
• 1919 - Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, who founded the Republic of Turkey, gathered a congress in Sivas to take decisions of the future of Anatolia and Thrace.
• 1923 - Maiden flight of the first U.S. airship, the USS Shenandoah.
• 1939 - World War II: Japan declares neutrality in European war.
• 1940 - World War II, a German submarine makes the first attack against a United States ship (the USS Greer) despite US neutrality.
• 1944 - World War II: The British 11th Armoured Division liberate the Belgian city of Antwerp.
• 1948 - Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands abdicates for health reasons.
• 1949 - Maiden flight of the Bristol Brabazon.
• 1949 - The Peekskill Riots erupt after a Paul Robeson concert in Peekskill, NY.
• 1950 - First appearance of the "Beetle Bailey" comic strip.
• 1950 - Darlington Raceway is the site of the inaugural Southern 500, the first 500-mile NASCAR race.
• 1951 - The first live transcontinental television broadcast takes place in San Francisco, California, from the Japanese Peace Treaty Conference.
• 1956 - The IBM RAMAC 305 was introduced, the first commercial computer that used magnetic disk storage.
• 1957 - American Civil Rights Movement: Little Rock Crisis - Orval Faubus, governor of Arkansas, calls out the National Guard to prevent African American students from enrolling in Central High School.
• 1957 - The Ford Motor Company introduces the Edsel.
• 1963 - Swissair Flight 306 crashes near Dürrenäsch, Switzerland, killing all on board.
• 1964 - Scotland's Forth Road Bridge, near Edinburgh, officially opens.
• 1967 - Vietnam War: Operation Swift begins: U.S. Marines engage the North Vietnamese in battle in the Que Son Valley.
• 1970 - Salaheddin Ali Nader Shah Angha receives the "Robe of Faghr" (prophet Muhammad's cloak) and becomes the 42nd master of the Oveyssi-Shahmaghsoudi Sufi.
• 1971 - A Boeing 727 carrying Alaska Airlines Flight 1866 crashes near Juneau, Alaska, killing all 111 people on board.
• 1972 - Thieves steal 18 paintings from the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts in what was at the time the largest art theft in North America.
• 1972 - Mark Spitz wins his seventh swimming gold medal at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany, becoming the first Olympian to do so. Spitz set world records in all seven events in which he swam.
• 1975 - The Sinai Interim Agreement concerning the Arab-Israeli conflict is signed.
• 1984 - Brian Mulroney leads the Canadian Progressive Conservative Party to power in the 1984 federal election, ending 20 years of nearly uninterrupted Liberal rule.
• 1995 - The Fourth World Conference on Women opens in Beijing with over 4,750 delegates from 181 countries in attendance.
• 1996 - War on Drugs: Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) attack a military base in Guaviare, starting three weeks of guerrilla warfare in which at least 130 Colombians are killed.

Births